Nanotechnology In Building Construction Pdf

14 Dec, 2021 Post a Comment

Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas with both novel science and useful applications that has gradually established it in the past two decades. The recent researches on nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have highlighted the potential use of these materials in various fields such as medicine, construction, automobile industry, energy, telecommunications and informatics. This is due to the special characteristics of materials at the nano scale. It has been demonstrated that nanotechnology generated products have many unique characteristics, and can significantly fix many field problems. Changes in building material properties is one of the main beneficiaries area of these researches, with applications that will improve the characteristics of building material such as concrete, steel, glass and insulating materials etc. Many current construction problems and requirement of construction process can be enhanced using nanotechnology. In this paper various practically applicable nanotechnology based products that can improve the overall competitiveness of the construction industry are given. The areas of applying nanotechnology in construction are mainly focusing on lighter and stronger structural composites, low maintenance coating material, enhanced properties of cementitious materials, reducing the thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation material and other construction related nano-sensors. The use of nanomaterials in the composition of some materials, such as cement, will result in significant reductions of CO2 pollution and the use of performance thermal insulations will result in efficient use of energy. Thus applications of nanotechnology in civil engineering building material industry are numerous. Some of the applications are elaborated here.

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NCMS-2014 146 Khandve et al.

Nanotechnology for Building Material

P. V. Khandve

Dept.of Civil Engineering,Prof. Ram Meghe College of Engineering

and Management, Badnera-Amravati,

e-mail: khandvesir@gmail.com

Abstract : Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas with both novel science and useful

applications that has gradually established it in the past two decades. The recent researches on

nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have highlighted the potential use of these materials in various

fields such as medicine, construction, automobile industry, energy, telecommunications and

informatics. This is due to the special characteristics of materials at the nano scale. It has been

demonstrated that nanotechnology generated products have many unique characteristics, and can

significantly fix many field problems. Changes in building material properties is one of the main

beneficiaries area of these researches, with applications that will improve the characteristics of building

material such as concrete, steel, glass and insulating materials etc. Many current construction problems

and requirement of construction process can be enhanced using nanotechnology.

In this paper various practically applicable nanotechnology based products that can improve

the overall competitiveness of the construction industry are given. The areas of applying

nanotechnology in construction are mainly focusing on lighter and stronger structural composites, low

maintenance coating material, enhanced properties of cementitious materials, reducing the thermal

transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation material and other construction related nano-sensors. The

use of nanomaterials in the composition of some materials, such as cement, will result in significant

reductions of CO2 pollution and the use of performance thermal insulations will result in efficient use of

energy. Thus applications of nanotechnology in civil engineering building material industry are

numerous. Some of the applications are elaborated here.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials, Construction, Building Material,

1. INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is concerned with

objects between 1 and 100nm in size. 1

-9

Nanometer = 1 x 10 m. The nanotechnologies

can be defined as the design, characterization,

production and application of structures,

devices and systems by controlling shape and

size at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology requires

advanced imaging techniques for studying and

improving the material behavior and for

designing and producing very fine powders,

liquids or solids of materials with particle size

between 1 and 100 nm, known as nanoparticles

(Gogotsi, 2006).

Nanomaterials can be defined as those

physical substances with at least one dimension

–9

between 1…150 nm (1 nm = 10 m). The

nanomaterials properties can be very different

from the properties of the same materials at

–6 –6 –3

micro (10 m) or macro scale (10 …10 m).

The nanoscience represents the study of

phenomena and the manipulation of materials at

nanoscale and is an extension of common

sciences into the nanoscale. Nanotechnology is

the creation of materials and devices by

controlling of matter at the levels of atoms,

molecules, and supramolecular (nanoscale)

structures (Roco et al., 1999). In other words, it

International Journal of Basic and Applied Research

Special Vol. 04 (146-151)

Print ISSN - 2249-3352

Online ISSN-2278-0505

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International Journal of Basic and Applied Research www.ijbar.org

is the use of very small particles of materials to

create new large scale materials (Mann, 2006).

Nanotechnology is the engineering of

functional systems at the molecular scale.

Nanotechnology is the use of very

small particles of material either by themselves

or by their manipulation to create new large

scale materials. Nanotechnology is not a new

science and it is not a new technology. It is rather

an extension of the sciences and technologies.

The technology enables us to develop materials

with improved properties or it can be used to

produce a totally new material. Nanotechnology

-9

deals with particle at nano-scale, i.e., 10 m. At

"nano scale" the world is different from "macro

scale", e.g., the gravity becomes unimportant,

electrostatic forces take over and quantum

effects emerge. As particles become nano-sized,

the proportion of atoms on the surface increases

relative to those inside leads to "nano-effects",

however, that ultimately determine all the

properties that we are familiar with at our

"macro-scale" and this is where the power of

nanotechnology comes in. Following are the

major application of nanotechnology in the field

of (i ) Nano-medicine, (ii ) Environment, (iii )

Energy, (iv ) Nano-batteries, (v) Information and

communication, (vi) Heavy industry etc. In

recent years nanotechnology is also gaining

popularity in the field of Civil Engineering and

construction.

The paper reviews the state of the art

"application of nanotechnology for building

construction material". The purpose of this

paper is to inform needs associated with

nanotechnology, to support and to communicate

these nanotechnology science issues to

stakeholders and the public. This paper is part of

the first stage of research to introduce and

emphasize the use of nanomaterials in

construction.

2. Material and Methodology

Nanotechnologies are worldwide

regarded as key technologies for innovations

and technological progress in almost all

branches of economy. Nano-technologies refer

to the target oriented technical utilization of

objects and structure in a size in the range of 1

and 100nm. Applications of nano technology in

civil engineering are numerous. Some of the

applications are elaborated below.

Nanotechnologies are the engineered

convergence of biology, chemistry, and

informatics on a nanoscale that is, involving

materials measured in billionths of a meter. The

products of these efforts are called

nanomaterials, consisting of nanoparticles

(having one or more dimensions of 1 to 100

nanometers) and the grouping of these particles

into structures that may be larger than

nanoscale. Nanoscale materials dissolve in

different ways, take on different magnetic

properties, react differently to chemicals, or

reflect light differently from the way they would

at normal size.

The use of nanomaterials in

construction industry is restricted due to

following reasons: i) the lack of knowledge

concerning the suitable nanomaterials for

construction and their behavior; ii) the lack of

specific standards for design and execution of

the construction elements using nanomaterials;

iii) the reduced offer of nanoproducts; iv) the

lack of detailed information regarding the

nanoproducts content; v) high costs; vi) the

unknowns of health risks associated with

nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials for Building Construction

Nanotechnology can generate

products with many unique characteristics that

can improve the current construction materials:

lighter and stronger structural composites, low

maintenance coatings, better cementitious

materials, lower thermal transfer rate of fire

retardant and insulation, better sound

absorption of acoustic absorbers and better

reflectivity of glass (Lee et al ., 2010). Because

the size of the particles is a critical factor, the

material properties significant differ at the

nanoscale from that at larger scales. Physical

phenomena begin to occur differently below the

boundary limit: gravity becomes unimportant

electrostatic forces and quantum effects start to

prevail. At the same time, the proportion of

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atoms on the surface increases relative to those

inside creating so-called "nano-effect". All

these nano-properties actually affect the

materials behavior at macro-scale and, from this

point, the power of nanotechnology is

emphasized: if the elements are proper

manipulated at the nanoscale, the macro-

properties are affected and new materials and

processes can be developed (Ge & Gao, 2008).

Some of the important nanomaterials with

potential use in construction industry are

discussed here.

Nanotechnologies for Concrete

Concrete is a macro-material strongly

influenced by its nano-properties. The addition

of nano-silica (SiO2) to cement based materials

can control the degradation of the calcium-

silicatehydrate reaction caused by calcium

leaching in water, blocking water penetration

and leading to improvements in durability

(Mann, 2006). The addition of small amounts

(1%) of carbon nanotubes can improve the

mechanical properties of mixture samples of

portland cement and water. Oxidized multi-

walled nanotubes show the best improvements

both in compressive strength and flexural

strength compared to the reference samples.

Addition of nanoscale materials into cement

could improve its performance. Use of nano-

SiO2 could significantly increase the

compressive for concrete, containing large

volume fly ash, at early age and improve pore

size distribution by filling the pores between

large fly ash and cement particles at nanoscale.

The dispersion/slurry of amorphous nanosilica

is used to improve segregation resistance for

self-compacting concrete. It has also been

reported that adding small amount of

carbonnanotube (1%) by weight could increase

both compressive and flexural strength.

Nanotechnologies for Steel

Steel is a major construction material.

Its properties, such as strength, corrosion

resistance, and weld ability, are very important

for the design and construction. It is possible to

develop new, low carbon, high performance

steel (HPS). The new steel was developed with

higher corrosion-resistance and weld ability by

incorporating copper nanoparticles from at the

steel grain boundaries. The addition of copper

nanoparticles reduces the surface unevenness of

steel which then limits the number of stress

risers and hence fatigue cracking, leading to

increased safety, less need for monitoring and

more efficient materials use in construction

subjected to fatigue issues (Mann, 2006).

Vanadium and molybdenum nanoparticles

improve the delayed fracture problems

associated with high strength bolts, reducing the

effects of hydrogen embrittlement and

improving the steel micro-structure. The

addition of nanoparticles of magnesium and

calcium leads to an increase in weld toughness.

Nanotechnologies for Wood

Wood is composed of nanotubes or

"nanofibrils". Lignocellulosic surfaces at the

nanoscale could open new opportunities for

such things as selfsterilizing surfaces, internal

self-repair, Highly water repellent coatings

incorporating silica and alumina nanoparticles

and hydrophobic polymers are proper to be used

for wood.

Nanotechnologies for Glass

The use of TiO2 nanoparticles to

glasses leads to so-called self cleaning

technology. Due to the nanoparticles

photocatalytic reactions, the organic pollutants,

volatile organic compounds and bacterial

membranes are decomposed. As well, TiO2

being hydrophilic, his attraction to water forms

drops which then wash off the dirt particles

decomposed in the previous process. Fire-

protective glass is obtained using fumed silica

(SiO2) nanoparticles as a clear interlayer

sandwiched between two glass panels which

turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield when is

heated.

Nanotechnologies for Coatings and Paitings

Nanotechnology is applied to paints in

order to assure the corrosion protection under

insulation since it is hydrophobic and repels

water from the metal pipe and can also protect

metal from salt water attack. Others applications

refer to coatings that have self healing

capabilities through a process of

"selfassembly". In addition to the self-cleaning

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coatings mentioned above for glazing, the

remarkable properties of TiO2 nanoparticles are

put to use as a coating material on roadways in

tests around the world (Mann, 2006). TiO2 is

used to coat glazing because of its sterilizing and

anti fouling properties. The TiO2 will break

down and disintegrate organic dirt through

powerful catalytic reaction. Furthermore, it is

hydrophilic, which allow the water to spread

evenly over the surface and wash away dirt

previously broken down. Other special coatings

also have been developed, such as anti-fraffiti,

thermal control, energy sawing, anti-reflection

coating.

Nanotechnologies for Thermal Insulation

Micro- and nanoporous aerogel

materials are appropiate for being core materials

of vacuum insulation panels but they are

sensitive to moisture. As a possible remedy it

was produced an ultra-thin wall insulation

which uses a hydrophobic nanoporous aerogel

structure. Another application of aerogels is

silica based products for transparent insulation,

which leads to the possibility of super-

insulating windows. Micro or nano-

electomechanical systems offer the possibility

of monitoring and controlling the internal

environment of buildings and this could lead to

energy savings.

Nanotechnologies for Fire Protection

Fire resistance of steel structures is

often provided by a coating produced by a

spray-on cementitious process. Nano-cement

made of nanosized particles has the potential to

create tough, durable, high temperature

coatings. This is achieved by the mixing of

carbon nanotubes with the cementious material

to fabricate fibre composites that can inherit

some of the outstanding properties of the

nanotubes. This is achieved by the mixing of

carbon nanotubes (CNT's) with the cementious

material to fabricate fibre composites that can

inherit some of the outstanding properties of the

nanotubes such as strength. Polypropylene

fibres are also considered as a method of

increasing fire resistance and this is a cheaper

option than conentional insulation.

Nanotechnologies for Water Purification

Water purification using

nanotechnology exploits nanoscopic materials

such as carbon nanotubes and alumina fibers for

nanofiltration. It also utilizes the existence of

anoscopic pores in zeolite filtration membranes,

as well as nanocatalysts and magnetic

nanoparticles. The adsorption of chlorine

concentration is much higher by using

nanotechnology as compared to conventional

method of purification. Adsorption of chlorine

by various media, such as those based on

titanium oxide nanowires or palladium

nanoparticles are used for analytical detection

of contaminants in water samples. It can be used

for removal of sediments, chemical effluents,

charged particles, bacteria and other pathogens.

It is believed that future generations of

nanotechnology-based water treatment devices

will capitalize on the properties of new

nanoscale materials.

Nanotechnology in Geotechnical field

At nanoscale the inter-particle

interaction gains relevance. Nanomaterials

possess very high specific surface activity, and

chemical activity which is specific surface

dependent. High specific surface means high

adsorption capacity and great sensitivity of

nano-size particles to specific adsorbed

materials. Pore fluid characteristics affect the

self-assembly of nano-components and their

long-term stability. Building clay liners, clay

cores, and soil bases using engineered

highsurface-area mineral particles consolidated

from controlled self assembled clay aggregates

to obtain macroscale behavior resulting from

exceptional mechanical properties (e.g., very

high ductility); external friction control to

facilitate compaction while increasing long-

term strength, fluidsensitive porous

membranes, as well as special and unique

chemical properties (e.g., specie-selective

diffusion); engineered wetting conditions such

as in NanoTurf; altered phase equilibrium for

fluids in small pores; and specified electrical

properties (e.g., exceptional magnetic and polar

properties) are the areas where nanotechnology

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supports many advantages. Nanoparticles might

also be engineered to act as functional

nanosensors and devices that can be extensively

mixed in the soil mass or used as smart tracers

for in situ chemical analysis, characterization of

groundwater flow, and determination of fracture

connectivity, among other field applications.

Nanosensors for Structural Monitoring

Sensors have been developed and used

in construction to monitor and/or control the

environment condition and the

materials/structure performance. One

advantage of these sensors is their dimension

-9 -5

(10 m to 10 m). These sensors could be

embedded into the structure during the

construction process. Smart aggregate, a low

cost piezoceramic-based multi-functional

device, has been applied to monitor early age

concrete properties such as moisture,

temperature, relative humidity and early age

strength development. The sensors can also be

used to monitor concrete corrosion and

cracking. The smart aggregate can also be used

for structure health monitoring. The disclosed

system can monitor internal stresses, cracks and

other physical forces in the structures during the

structures' life. It is capable of providing an

early indication of the health of the structure

before a failure of the structure can occur. Nano-

sensors have a great potential to be used in

concrete structures for quality control and

durability monitoring. (to measure concrete

density and viscosity, to monitor concrete

curing and to measure shrinkage or temperature,

moisture, chlorine concentration, pH, carbon

dioxide, stresses reinforcement corrosion or

vibration). Carbon nanotubes increase the

compressive strength of cement mortar

specimens and change their electrical properties

which can be used for health monitoring and

damage detection.

3. Advantages of Nanotechnology in Building

Construction

Nanotechnology can be used for

design and construction processes in many areas

since nanotechnology generated products have

many unique characteristics. These

characteristics can, again, significantly fix

current construction problems, and may change

the requirement and organization of

construction process. Use of nanotechonolgy in

construction material gives the products that are

for:

Lighter and stronger structural

composites Low maintenance

coatingImproving pipe joining materials and

techniques. Better properties of cementitious

materials Reducing the thermal transfer rate of

fire retardant and insulation Increasing the

sound absorption of acoustic absorber

Increasing the reflectivity of glass

4. Future Challenge

While nanotechnology based

construction products provide many advantages

to the design and construction process, the

production of these products, however, require a

lot of energy. Also, the nano-tubes might cause a

lung problem to construction workers. In other

words, it creates an environmental challenge to

the construction industry as well. Sustainability

and environmental issues caused by growing

economic development has gained intensive

statewide and worldwide attention. Since the

construction industry is heavily involved in the

economic development and consumes great

amount of resources and energy, its impact on

environment is significant. Therefore, it is

necessary and urgent to regulate the

construction and its related performance to

sustainable manners. The nanotechnolgy

becomes a double-edge sword to the

construction industry. More research and

practice efforts are needed with smart design

and planning, construction projects can be made

sustainable and therefore save energy, reduce

resource usage, and avoid damages to

environment. It is necessary to establish a

system to identify the environmentally friendly

and sustainable of construction nanomaterials

and to avoid the use of harmful materials in the

future.

5. Conclusions

Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies

have attracted considerable scientific interest

due to the new potential uses of particles in

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nanometer scale and, consequently, large

amount of funds and effort have being utilized.

Even though construction materials may

constitute only a small part of this overall effort,

it could pay enormous rewards in the areas of

technological breakthroughs and economic

benefits. Although today the total market share

of nano products for construction is small and

deemed to be applied in niche markets, this

share is expected to grow in the near future, and

nanoparticles to play an important role as a basis

for the design, development and production of

materials construction industry. Following the

synthesis achieved in this paper, it can be

concluded that the use of nanomaterials in

construction is viable in four major directions of

development: structural concrete; real time

structural monitoring; coatings and paintings;

thermal insulations.

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... Structural materials include: 2.1.1. Nano concrete Silica nanoparticles are added to the cement giving improved mechanical properties [3], and a cohesive structure to obtain the required shapes is called "programmable cement" [4] and the concrete durability is increased to (10) times than the normal concrete. This makes buildings stronger and more resistant to earthquakes [5], and the addition of carbon nanotubes improves the compressive strength and durability of fracture [4], which reduces the dimensions of structural elements using quantities 10 times less, and reduces Cracks caused by shrinking [6] figure 1. ...

... The addition of nano-magnesium and calcium particles gives it a high soldering capacity and minimizes cracking and nano copper particles, thus increase the safety factor and reduce the need for monitoring. Nano-paints materials are used (polymers) to protect iron from corrosion [10], and as a result of these new characteristics reduces the amount of reinforcing steel used in the concrete and gives free access to flexible and free forms, large spaces without supporting structural elements and reducing maintenance costs and Co 2 emissions [11] figure 6. Figure 6. Using Nano iron in the roof of Astana stadium-Kazakhstan -2011 ...

... There are many of control, observation and communication systems, lighting and environmental systems. 10 The study included nanomaterials and techniques in order to deepen knowledge for design purposes and their applications in architecture, and is either making small functional devices or improve the performance of architectural components by taking advantage of distinct characteristics, which appear when exposed to different types of external influences. Architecture has changed from static to dynamic and has given life to buildings to meet functional, environmental and aesthetic requirements. ...

Faten Y Ali
Safaa Al-Deen H Ali

In the late twentieth century, boldness was used in architectural expression associated with construction materials and used within a creative context that expresses the sense and imagination and emotion, It exhibits the behaviour of living beings, reacts to environmental conditions using sensation and arousal of emotion, achieving aesthetic in the distinctive architectural output with the help of computer software and nanomaterials to mimic the shapes and functions of living organisms, embodied in a new generation characterized by contemporary. The research tended to build a knowledge framework that includes nanomaterials, their types and characteristics, and to clarify the concept of dynamism, also included a number of previous studies to find the research problem which was identified by (the lack of theoretical propositions of the impact of nanomaterials in achieving the dynamic potential because of its characteristics, objectives and mechanisms to achieve dynamism in contemporary production) and determine the hypotheses of the research, and extracts vocabulary of the theoretical framework and applied to global projects, the most important item is the mechanisms that included (interaction, adaptation, transformation, movement, information processing using computer software) and architectural characteristics that gave diverse architectural production to a achieves a dynamic contemporary architecture.

... Nanotechnology is the technical understanding of the physical world on a very, very, very small scale. The technology enables us to develop materials with modifying properties or it used to manufacture a totally new material [1]- [3]. It is the invention of materials by checking of matter at many levels: atoms, molecules, and sub-molecular structures. ...

... In the same time, the proportion of atoms on the surface increases relative to those inside, creating so-called "nano-effect". All these nano-properties actually affect the materials behavior at macro-scale and, from this point, the power of nanotechnology is emphasized: if the elements are proper manipulated at the nanoscale, the macro-properties are affected and new materials and processes can be developed [1], [10]. The main Nano particles utilized in construction materials are: Nano Silica (SiO2), Titanium dioxide (TiO2), and Carbon nanotube (CNT), Nano alumina (Al2O3). ...

Concrete is the most common building material for building buildings, bridges, roads and dams. Recently, nano-modifying additives have been used to improve the performance properties of concrete. This article is devoted to the choice of a rational composition of nano modified concrete, for its use in the repair of unfinished buildings, the reconstruction of bridges and the restoration of destroyed concrete in structures operating in aggressive environments.

... This industry is considered to be conservative, and innovations often have a difficult time breach into the market, mainly due to the high cost in relation to current materials (Pacheco-Torgal & Jalali, 2010). Also, the nanomaterial properties (1-100 nm) can be very different from the properties of the same materials at micro-(10 − 6 m) or macroscale (10 − 6 -10 − 3 m) requiring advanced techniques for studying and improving the material behavior (Khandve, 2016). However, the current concern with the efficiency, durability, and quality of constructions is expected to intensify the search for new and improved materials, and several nanoapplications have already been developed for this sector, facilitating maintenance and increasing living comfort (Pacheco-Torgal, Ivanov, Kalaiselvam, & Granqvist, 2016). ...

Predrag Ilić
Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi

Implementation of high-quality ventilation strategies play a key role in maintaining good indoor environment or indoor air quality (IAQ) in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. IAQ is important in all buildings, especially in hospitals. Hospital buildings with heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems may have an increased risk of different diseases with various symptoms, causing irritation in mucous membranes, tiredness, vertigo, dermatosis, headaches, reduced memory, decreased concentration and intellectual work ability, cancers and respiratory diseases (including asthma). The main objective of this chapter is to provide information on the ventilation strategies for maintenance of healthy IAQ in hospitals. The purpose of this chapter is the provision of useful information for both healthcare staff and mechanical engineers to minimize the risk of microbiological pathogens (bacteria and fungi) in the hospital environment, in connection with adequate ventilation systems. Clear control strategies implemented in hospital may reduce the risk of microbiological (bacterial and fungal) infections among hospital staff and patients, with the greatest risk of infection and disease caused by microorganisms from indoor air.

... In Egypt, there are many new projects such as those carried out in the new and south valley like Benban Solar Project which has already provided new job opportunities and produced clean and sustainable energy [2]. In addition, the use of nanomaterials in the construction industry should be considered not only for improving their properties and functions but also in the energy conservation [3]. ...

Abdelaziz Farouk Mohamed

Based on the tendency of depending on the renewable energy resources in Egypt of the last decades, it is necessary to confirm that the use of solar energy in all applications is an effective energy source. This is driven by advanced technologies such as the use of better and cheaper material, more efficient production processes, increasing efficiencies as well as other conventional systems. Many researches are presented to develop the photovoltaic panels through their power efficiency and reasonable price to fulfil the buildings' energy requirements. Nanotechnology is used to enhance the properties of the PVs in order to produce more power and increase their useful life. This research presents a design of a Nano-crystal PV system for providing the electrical loads in an eco-house according to its energy requirement. It is found that providing electricity to the eco-house in New Aswan city in the Egyptian south valley using Nano-crystal photovoltaic system is very beneficial and competitive with the other types of conventional energy sources. In addition to the decreasing prices of these systems and their increasing efficiencies, it is maintaining a clean environment for people. The proposed Nano-Crystal PV panels are applied in the eco-house which is designed to be eco-friendly with its context and the life cycle cost of the alternatives energy proposals are compared. The main results prove that the NCPV is economical than others.

... Nanotechnology is a unique branch of science that uses nanomaterial in the design, construction, repair, and protection of infrastructures. It deals with the application of the physical world in a small scale by assessing the atom, molar molecule, and similar molecule of material [66][67][68]. With the increasing development of nanotechnology, the use of tiny nanoparticles and nanomaterial also increased in modern technologies [69]. ...

Vulnerability to cracks is one of the major flaws of concrete infrastructure. The need to reduce the repair cost of this defect birthed the need for self-healing concrete. The incidence of cracks on concrete structures is a big threat to the stability of bridges, concrete roads, and other concrete infrastructures. This review assessed the use of self-healing technology on concrete using sustainable material as an active method of healing crack. This was done with the view of improving the stability, strength, and sustainability of infrastructure for national growth. The outcome of the review showed three prominent methods used in self-healing technology, which include autogenous healing, encapsulation of polymeric material, and microbial production of calcium-carbonate (biotechnological approaches). The review also revealed that calcium carbonate is a versatile material that can be used in crack healing for the filling of voids and improves the porosity of the concrete. The success of using the autogenous healing method depends on the diameter of the crack induced in the concrete structure. Additionally, this method can operate independently in different conditions regardless of the crack position. Correspondingly, lowering the water-cement ratio improves the autogenous healing process. The use of encapsulation of polymeric material and microbial production of calcium-carbonate methods showed that the presence of water and humidity is a critical factor to be considered. However, biotechnology using microbial action is prone to the production of ammonium ions (NH4+) through ureolytic activity, which results in nitrogen oxide emission into the atmosphere. Congruently, this may affect the durability of the concrete. Based on the uniqueness of this technology, it is recommended for the construction of sustainable infrastructure now and in the foreseeable future.

... It shows the minimum particle size dimensions in nanometer (10-9 m). At nanoparticle size, the materials demonstrate extremely unique properties that cannot be compared with their micro and macro counterparts [4,8,9]. Nano particles have greater surface to volume ratio than their micro colleagues and thus offer improve hydration and this eventually enhance both the initial and final strengths [4]. ...

This study was carried out to review different types of available innovative construction materials. It was found that advancement in nanotechnology, use of mineral admixture, glass and plastic, biological materials, wood and other construction materials have contributed significantly to the growth of discovery and production of innovative construction materials. The implementation of some innovative construction materials, meets the requirements for sustainability, durability, reliability, safety, cost reduction, increasing quality, better mechanical and physical characteristics, flexibility in extreme conditions and locations, simple assembly and environmentally friendly. Construction materials used to carry out project consumed about 40% of the entire cost of the project in the construction industry. The success stories were recorded in the area of turning industrial and agricultural wastes to wealth. This reviewed paper will enrich the database for innovative materials entering the construction industry.

... Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas with both novel science and useful applications that has gradually established itself in the last two decades [1]. Also, it is growing very rapidly and has infinite applications in almost everything. ...

Abstract Nanosilica (NS) powders were synthesized from sodium silicate solution (SSS) and their effects on ceramics engobes were investigated. Synthesized NS powder was subjected to various characterization studies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, Fourier transform infrared measurements and gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA and DTA) techniques. The results indicate that the synthesized NS consisted of pure silica particles (96.8%) with the particle size in the range 8.64–18.31 nm, amorphous structure having surface area 160.29 m2/g and the thermal analysis show that the weight losses of 6.23. The study showed that NS powder significantly improved physico-chemical properties of prepared ceramics engobes such as whiteness, thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), the crystallinity, water absorption (WA), linear shrinkage (LSH), breaking strength and bulk density (BD). The study can serve as theoretical basis for further traditional ceramics applications of NS powder. The best results were found when the NS powder content increases, whiteness as well as linear shrinkage increased whereas thermal expansion coefficient, water absorption and bulk density decreased.

... The nanotech-based interactive smart paint "WallSmart" has the capacity to change its color controlled via Bluetooth and smart phone [41]. Nanotech based smart paints or coatings also have thermal control capabilities [42]. Wide view angles are now possible with thin polymer layers used for heads-up displays: organic, fluorescent or reflective [43]. ...

Experiencing sensory-pleasing environments and recreating perceptions of past lived environments can benefit patients greatly in coping with irreversible conditions (e.g., dementia) or during healing after traumatic experiences. Such environments can evoke emotional responses that are associated with a patient's positive memories of a place, an activity, or people. A design concept of an intimate architectural space informed by knowledge of anticipatory systems was developed for the purpose of generating variable personalized environments. In particular, such environments are designed for patients, according to their individual demands and expectations. The design is guided by aesthetic data acquired through perceptual user studies. Such adaptive spaces can be delivered to a large number of users in healthcare in the form of Architecture-as-Service (AaS). The research presented expands the notion of AaS and is premised upon an IoT application.

Ola Harba

The pace of development accelerated at the beginning of the 21st century and jumps with great strides towards the great progress in science and technology, and its impact is scattered to quote all science and knowledge. To be a stray to researcher for everything new and strange, the architect had a large share to Benefit of all technologies and all the sciences, to raise the value of his work and precedes others with distant strides; Nanotechnology is one of the most important techniques, Which has been providing architecture with everything new and sophisticated. The research provided an extensive study of nanotechnology which aims to study the impact of nanotechnology on the exterior of the building, and its performance functional and environmental, to improve the shape and performance of buildings by basing on nanotechnology. The research has been divided into four chapters; three of them are theoretical study, which deal with a systematic study on nanotechnology. It study in the first chapter, the concept of nanotechnology, nanotechnology, methods of measurement, nanomaterial, their production techniques, the forms, properties of nanomaterials, and how nanotechnology were developed and the evolution of control maize to access the technology that is currently being provided to us. However, nanotechnology is found mainly in nature and has been used in several places in ancient times. Nanotechnology has been used in many areas, which helps to reach different solutions at all levels. It offers many solutions in architecture at the level of sustainable architecture, smart architecture, schools and various architectural concepts. Chapter II discusses the applications of nanotechnology in architecture, which has helped to improve the structural system and the effectiveness of construction materials (concrete - steel - wood), and the emergence of new building materials that have an active role in the emergence of structures that could not be accessed without nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has also entered the world of exterior cladding materials (glass-reinforced glass fiber reinforced concrete - polymers - plastic - ceramic tile) and multi-faceted coatings, Also it improved the effectiveness of thermal and acoustic insulation materials (insulation material Allmira -oluah vacuum -moad changing phase). Chapter 3 presents a study on current and future nanoscale devices that have increased the efficiency of vacuum and nanotechnology-based lighting. Chapter IV completed the practical study through the presentation of nine buildings variety of place and function, and absorbed multiple uses of nanotechnology at the level of building materials, cladding and insulation, the results of the research show the increasing effectiveness of the performance of the functional and environmental vacuum, and access to different forms and configurations. At the end of the research, many recommendations were made to enhance the value and the use of nanotechnology.

Ola Harba

T. Kuennen

The latest technology called Nanotechnology that are helpful in road construction is discussed. The nanotechnology revolution has an impact on the maintenance of highways, roads, bridge materials and construction. Nanotechnology is in its infancy especially as a road science but super concretes, small aggregates and self-healing structures are also in the scenario. Nanotechnology is leading to self-healing materials that are able to rejoin themselves after being cut. This technology has many advantages in careers and built environments.

Wenzhong Zhu
P. J. M. Bartos
A. Porro

The paper is an extended summary of the state-of-the-art report on Application of Nanotechnology in Construction, which is one of the main tasks of a European project Towards the setting up of a Network of Excellence in Nanotechnology in Construction (NANOCONEX). The paper first presents background information and current developments of nanotechnology in general. Then, the current activities and awareness of nanotechnology in the construction industry are examined by analysing results of a survey of construction professionals and leading researchers in the field. This is followed by results of a desk study of nanotechnology development and activities focussing on key areas relevant to construction and the built environment. Examples of nanotechnology-enabled materials and products that are either on the market or ready to be adopted in the construction industry are provided. Finally, the future trend/potential and implications of nanotechnology development in construction are discussed.

This paper provides an overview of the different water treatment devices that incorporate nanotechnology. New sensor technology combined with micro and nanofabrication technology is expected to lead to small, portable and highly accurate sensors to detect chemical and biochemical parameters in water. Potential opportunities and risks associated with this technology are also highlighted.

Nanotechnology in Construction -One of the Top Ten Answers to World's Biggest Problems

Ari News

ARI News (2005). "Nanotechnology in Construction -One of the Top Ten Answers to World's Biggest Problems." www.aggregateresearch.com/article.asp id=6279, June 1, 2007.

Introduction Small Science Will Bring Big Changes To Roads

R K Dhir
M D Newlands
L J K Chen

Dhir, R. K., Newlands, M. D., and Csetenyi, L. J. (2005). " Introduction. " Proceedings of the International Conference – Application of Technology in Concrete Design, Scotland, UK, p. IV. [5] Kuennen, K. (2004). " Small Science Will Bring Big Changes To Roads. " Better Roads Li, G. (2004). Cement and Concrete Research, vol.34, p.1043- 1049. [6] Liu, R., Zhang, Z., Zhong, R.; Chen, X.;

Nanotechnology Synthesis Study Carbon Nanotubes

J Li
S Mann

Li, J.(2007) " Nanotechnology Synthesis Study: Research Report " Mann, S. ( 2 0 0 6 ). " N a n o t e c h n o l o g y a n d Construction, " Nanoforum Report. www.nanoforum.org, May 30, 2008. MMFX Steel Corp. http://www. mmfx.com /products.shtml, May 30, 2008. [7] Nanopedia (2008). " Carbon Nanotubes. " http://nanopedia.case.edu/image /nanotubes.jpg, January 16, 2008. [8] NASA (2008). " Nanotubes ". http:// www.nasa.gov/centers /ames /images /content/ 137816main_nanotubes.jpg, January 16, 2008. [9] Roco, M. C., Williams, R. S., and Alivisatos, P. (1999). Engineering and Technology (IWGN), National Science and Technology Council.

M Saafi
P Romine

Saafi, M. and Romine, P. (2005)." Nanoand Microtechnology." Concrete International, Vol. 27 No. 12, p 28-34.

K Sobolev
M F Gutierrez

Sobolev, K. and Gutierrez, M. F. (2005). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, vol. 84, no. 10, p. 14-16.

Nanotechnology a n d C o n c r e t e : B a c k g r o u n d , Opportunities and Challenges

P N Balaguru

Balaguru, P. N. (2005), Nanotechnology a n d C o n c r e t e : B a c k g r o u n d, Opportunities and Challenges. In Proceedings of the International Conference-Application of Technology in Concrete Design, Scotland, UK, p.113-122.2.

Nippon Steel Technical Report No

F Valli
K Tijoriwala
A Mahapatra

NSTR (2005). Nippon Steel Technical Report No.91 January 2005. Valli, F., Tijoriwala, K. and Mahapatra, A. (2010), Nanotechnology for Water Purification, International Journal of Nuclear Desalination, 4(1), 49-57.

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281064607_Nanotechnology_for_Building_Material

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